Mapping resource effectiveness across urban systems

Abstract Cities and their growing resource demands threaten global security. This study identifies the hotspots of imports in cities to redirect resources where they are most needed, based on system overall effectiveness maximise use all available. paper develops a taxonomy resource-use behaviour clustering patterns utilisation conversion across interconnected urban systems. We find high tendencies consumer-like multi-city because tertiary sectors concentrated areas while producing located outside hence, results but low output. The emphasises that absence producers causes rely imported for growth. can be resource-effective by having more diversified industrial structure extend pathways flows, closing circularity gap between suppliers consumers.